The alternate cover test is useful to measure total deviation. It doesn't separate phoria from tropia. During alternate cover test, the cover is placed alternately infront of each eye rapidly in order to break the fusion.
During this test the examiner covers one eye repeatedly observes for
* The movement of the uncovered eye
*The movement and position of the covered eye as the cover is removed
*Then test is done on the other eye
*If uncovered moves to take up fixation, then the patient has tropia.
If a patient has phoria, the eyes will straight before and after test.
If a patient has tropia, one of eye will be deviated before the test and ends up with deviation in the same eye after the test.
If a patient has intermittent deviation, the eyes will be straight before test but get deviated for sometime after the test.
The essential things that requires for performing cover test are :
Good central fixation and patient should not miss the target as he have shown by observer.
Patient should be good cooperative.
No ocular motility restrictions.
Advantages:
The chart is familiar
Inexpensive, quick and easy to use and interpret
Disadvantages:
Snellen chart has only one 6/60 letter and an increasing number of letters increase as we go down the lines.
Patients with poor acuity are required to read less number of letters than those with good visual acuity .
The letters are lower lines are more crowded than those on the top on the chart.
There is no standard relationships between the width or height of the letters and spacing between each letters.
Gonococcal conjunctivitis is the most serious condition, usually occuring 24-48 hours following the birth. The child is presented with bilateral accute conjunctivitis, associated with lid edema, chemosis and purulent discharge. Corneal ulcer and perforation may occur, if treatment is delayed.
Neonatal conjunctivitis occurs during the first month after birth. It is caused by Bacteria, Chlamydia or virus. Infants acquire the infection as they passes through the birth canal during the birth process.
Treatment is 2.5% povidone-iodine solution is useful in preventing neonatal conjunctivitis.
Bacterial conjunctivitis happens in those patients who have complained of mucopurelent discharge, diffuse congestion, watering, irritation and usually effect one eye first but may spread easily to the fellow eye.
Treatment is only antibiotic eye drops.
The causes of allergic conjunctivitis can be diagnosed clinically based on signs and symptoms.
Signs and symptoms are :
Ropy discharge
Diffuse congestion
Itching
Watering
Lid edema
Papillae may be present on palpebral conjunctiva.
Treatment :
Cool compresses and artificial tears. Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory medication, steroids and antihistamines are advised in severe condition.
Contrast sensitivity is the ability of eye to see a given object against a background. The closer the levels of target illumination and background illumination, the more difficult it becomes to resolve the target. The reduction in contrast sensitivity occurs in corneal disease, cataract and retinal degenerations.
Color vision is a function of cones of the retina. The most common test of color vision is the Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic color plate exam. It consists of a series of test plates with colored dots forming a number. The numbers are visible to individuals with normal color vision but appear differently or invisible to the individuals who are red green color deficient.
The Amsler Grid is a test is used to evaluate a patient for macular edema, Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) or central serous retinopathy. The patient is asked to look at the center of the grid where a dot is present and to mark any distortion or disappearance or wavy appearance of lines on the grid.(Metamorphosis).
Fluorescein/Indocyanine green dye (ICG) is injected into a vein in the arm of the patient. The dye then circulates throughout the body, including the eye and the fundus camera is used for taking pictures of the circulation of the eye.
Visual acuity is the measure of vision. It can be defined as the resolving power of the eye. It indicates the smallest detail that can be seen. Visual acuity is a function of the dioptric apparatus, the retina, visual pathway and the central nervous system.
The optical power of a lens is measured diopters. Diopter is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length in meters. The greater the optical power, the shorter the focal length. The focal length of a plus lens will be the same as focal length of a minus lens with the same power.
It's a process by which the refractive power of the eye is changed by the shape of its crystalline lens to ensure a clear retinal image or the lens changes its shape and power to adjust for near and distance vision.
It is a refractive condition where the parallel rays coming from infinity after the refraction through the eyes forms a point focus on the retina when accommodation is at rest.
The prescription in attached media below reads, Right eye , +2.50 Dsphere with -1.0Dcylinder at 180 degrees axis.
Left eye ,+1.50 Dsphere with -1.0 Dcylinder at 180 degrees axis.
With ADD of +2.0Dsphere for near.
1.Kryptok_fused bifocals lens are most popular, less expensive and dividing line isn't seen easily.
2.Executive_one piece bifocals lens are mono centric, minimal or no prismatic effect, wide field of view for reading and no chromatic aberration.
3. 'D' fused bifocals lens are minimal prismatic effect, technically the most advanced bifocals and inconspicuous dividing line and are more expensive lenses.
These lenses are curved more in one direction than other. All the cylindrical lenses have axis. The axis refers to the orientation of the cylindrical area of the lens.The axis can be anywhere from 0 to 180 degrees, with 90 being the vertical meridian.
Concave Lenses are thinner in the center and thicker at the edges. Light rays are diverged. These lenses are used in correction of Myopia. These lenses are indicated with minus (-) sign on prescriptions.
Convex Lenses are thicker in the center and thinner at the edges. Light rays are converged towards a central point. These lenses are used in correction of hyperopia. These lenses are indicated with plus (+) sign on prescriptions.
There are many different types of frames. The variations in type are based on the material from which the frames are made, their style, and the purpose for which the frames are designed.
The half eye or reading eyeglasses are commonly prescribed for prebyopic patients. They can focus on things at a distance by looking over the lens without having to remove their eyeglasses.
There are some frames which provide no, or only partial, peripheral support for the lenses. These are called rimless or semi rimless frames. These are constructed in several different ways. These frames consists of a shallow groove at the edge of lenses into which a nylon cord fits. Each end of nylon cord is attached to the frame. These frames are also called supra frames.
In metal frames, the temples and the front are made of metal, except the portion of the temple that fits the skull. Metal frame is aquipped with adjustable nose pads.
For years, the most common frames were made from a cellulose acetate materials called zyl. Recently, new plastic material have been used for manufacture of frames. Each material has unique properties that enhance fabrication, safety, or colorization.
Riding Bow Temple has a thin, long plastic temple wrapping around the ears. It is usually thin and mostly used for children's frame. It is more difficult to remove.
The most common type of temple is called skull temple. It has bent and unbent versions. The skull temple is most comfortable for those people who wear their glasses for long periods of time. It fits easily on the ear and bends slightly to fit the skull.
The library temple is straight and pressure in used to held them on. This type of temple was developed for people who need to remove and replace their glasses many times during the day like near vision reading glasses.
The temple of the frame is the long portion that supports the frame on the ears. It is also known as earpiece. Temple length is measured in millimeters. There are a variety of different styles of temple.
Each frame has opening for two lenses.
A right lens and left lens. The frame that holds the lens is called a eye wire. And the temple of the frame is the long portion that supports the frame on the ears. It's also known as earpiece. Temple lens is measured in millimeters . There are a variety of different styles of temples.
It is a solid saddle type bridge used on metal frames. Adjustable pads are present to provide control over adjustments that are need on any of the solid bridge.
The saddle bridge allows the nose to make continuous contact with the front of frame. It has smooth rounded curves. It rests on the top and sides of the nose.
Keyhole bridge looks like the keyhole in the door. The bridge out line isn't continuous, it has small cut out section on either side. This means the nose doesn't make continuous contact with the front of the frame in the area called nasal crest.
There are different types of bridges . Adjustable nose pad may be attached to the bridge. A special bridge insert of molded plastic, some times known as a form fit bridge, may also be used.
In plastic frames, the bridge and nose rest area may be molded into the frame. The bridge in plastic frames may be further classified into the keyhole bridge and the saddle style bridge.
The Bridge of the frame front serves two function. First, it supports the glasses on the nose. Second, it connects the two lens holders.
Most plastic frames are made of Zylonite, cellulose propionate or polyamide. The Metal frames are usually made from nickel silver and Monel. Titanium frames have high tensile strength and ultra lightweight and impressive corrosion resistance . But it is expensive.
High index lenses polymers with an index higher than 1.58. High index lenses require flatter curve than their low index lens materials, resulting in thinner and lighter lenses. High index material tends to have a lower abbe value which results in chromatic aberration. AR Coating are usually recommended for high index lenses to eliminate these reflections.
Polycarbonate is the same material used for bulletproof glasses. It is the most impact of lens material. Polycarbonate is the material of choice for safety glasses and for children. With an index of 1.59, polycarbonate also produces thinner, lighter lenses than glass or plastic. Polycarbonate has ability to give uv protection.
CR-39 (Columbia Resin) is also known as plastic or hard resin. Lens made of CR-39 are much lighter than glass. But CR-39 is less scratch resistant and must be coated to improve index: 1.498.Advantages of these lenses are :
Lighter than glasses, readily tintable, less like to fog, suitable for children and one eyed patients.
Glass is most stable, scratch resistant material which provide the best optical quality of all lens materials. Glass is easy to break than other lens materials and hence the lenses made of glass must be tempered or heat treated to give them more strength and make them safer to wear. Glass is available in a number of indices of refraction.
Any clouding of lens or insult of lens is called cataract. Cataract is the most leading cause of blindness in world. Causes of cataract are age related, because of injury, by using drugs, diabetic long time, mal neutration, chronic uveitis, electrical shock, etc.
It is present at birth. It may occur because of a abnormal shape of the anterior chamber angle. It is called as infantile when it is present within the first year of life.
It's mostly a bilateral condition. It's also associated with high myopia. It is associated with many systematic conditions.
Plastic lenses are lighter than traditional glass lenses but they scratch more easily. Scratch resistant lenses can irritating for the wearer and look ugly. Scratch resistant coating are available to protect against damage and prolong lens life.
Spectacle lenses can be provided with anti reflection coating, which will eliminate distracting reflections from the lens surface. Reducing reflected light is particularly helpful for computer users and for night driving.
Anti reflection coating also improves the cosmetic appearance of the glasses can make thick lenses look thinner.
These lenses react to light so that indoors or in dull condition they they have a light tint, and in bright light they darken to eliminate glare and protect the eyes from uv rays. They have two colors photo grey and photo brown.
IPD is an important measurement for selecting frames, alinging optical centers, calculating induced prism in high power prescriptions and adjusting binocular optical instruments like slit lamp, indirect ophthalmoscope etc.
It is a term used to describe the condition in which a patient's amplitude of accommodation has decreased to a point where clear vision at the near point is difficult.
The amplitude of accommodation gradually decrease with age. In India presbyopia occurs around the age of 38-39 years.
Human eye is one of the five sense organ.
The eyes allow us to see and interpret the shapes, colors, and dimensions of objects in the world by processing the light they reflect or emit.
We use our eyes in almost in every activity we perform, wether reading or writing, working on a computer, watching television, or driving a bike.
Sit or lie down and tilt your head backward.
Place your index finger on the soft spot just below the lower lid, generally pull down to form a pocket and look up.
Squeeze one drop into the pocket in your lower lid.
Close eye for 2-3 minutes without blinking .
Blot around eyes to remove any excess.
It's an acute infection of the tissues surrounding the eye. It's caused due to spreading of bacterial infection from sinuses.
It's also caused due to spread infection from stye or injury to the eyelids.
In children it is spread infection from sinus caused by organism like Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci
These are some eye exercises:
Blink eyes few times.Close the eyelids , rolls eye behind closed eyelids clockwise and then anticlockwise. Take a deep breath and open the eyes when releasing breath. Use lubricating eyedrops while you feel irritation, dryness, itching or burning sensation.
The major blood supply from the eye comes from ophthalmic artery. The lateral muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery supplies the lateral rectus, superior rectus, and superior oblique muscle.
The medial muscular branch supplies inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscle.
These lenses are used for correcting presbyopia but they don't have visible dividing line between the distance and near portion.
Instead they have a graduated section in which the power of the lens progresses smoothly from one distance to near, allowing the wearer to see clearly at all distances.
Bifocal lenses contains two optical corrections with a distinct dividing line between the two parts. The most common use of bifocals is for presbyopia.
The upper part of the lens corrects distance vision the lower half is for near vision.
If a chemical falls in the eye, the first step is to irrigate eye with clean water. Irrigation of the eye should be continued for about 15-20 minutes and then should be rendered to the nearest health center at the earliest.
The six muscles that surrounds the eye and control it's movement are known as intraocular muscles. The primary function of four rectus muscles is to control the eye's movement from left to right and up and down.
The two oblique muscles move and rotate the eyes inward and outward.
It's a chronic, painful and potentially blinding inflammatory disease. It's commonly associated with systemic autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis ( joint pain).
Scleritis may be classified into anterior and posterior.
Posterior scleritis is very uncommon and can cause retinal detachment.
1. Disinfect surfaces
2. Avoid touching the face again and again
3. Wash hands frequently
4. Don't share towels and washcloths
5. Don't use handkerchiefs, using tissue is best
6. Avoid shaking hands
It's chronic inflammation caused due to not flowing meibomian gland secretion. It's seen as round, painless, hard lessons on the eyelid.
It's associated with chronic meibomitis.In early stages warm compresses and lid massage are advised.
Surgery incision and currettage can performed if it decreases or recurs after sometimes.
It is an acute bacterial infection of the Zeis glands. It present with painful swelling with pus formation at the lid margin.
Hot compress can be given to reduce symptoms. It may need epilation of the infected eyelashes or excision and drainage of the abscess.
It is a chronic inflammation caused due to blockage of meibomian gland secretion. Secretion can be shown out from the opening areas on application of pressure on tarsus. Oily secretion can be seen on the meibomian gland orifices. It is always bilateral. Patients complaints of itching, burning and foreign body sensation.
Eye injury is one of the most common cause of unilateral blindness in the world.
It mostly affects the people in working age group in developing countries of the world.
Eye injury can occurs in a wide range of setting like household, roads, industries, sports etc.
It is a condition when parallel rays coming from infinity after refraction through the eyes will forms two focul lines instead of point focus on retina.
Parallel rays coming from infinity after refraction through the eyes will focus one line behind the retina and other behind the retina when accommodating is at rest.
Parallel rays coming from infinity after refraction through the eyes will focus behind to the retina when the accommodation is at rest.
Secondary glaucoma refers to any case in which another disease cause or contributes to increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss.
It can occur as a result of an eye injury, inflammation, tumor, or in advanced cases of cataract or diabetes.
It is also called low tension or normal pressure glaucoma. In this condition the optic nerve is damaged even though the eye pressure is not very high.
It is caused by the slow clogging of the drainage canal, resulting in increased eye pressure.
It develops slowly and is a lifelong condition.
Cornea is a transparent layer ,dome shaped structure and outer most layer of the eye. It protect the inner parts of the eye. It gets it nourish from limbal cells, aqueous humor and tear films.
Tear film keeps our eye smooth and and moist and help in spreading tears in eye during blinking.
It protect us from infection, injury and dust.
The junction between cornea and sclera is called limbus. The cornea is transparent tissue which allows light to enter clearly.
The sclera is the tough , opaque tissue that gives protection to the internal parts of the eye. Six extra ocular muscles that controls the eye movements and the optic nerve are attached to the sclera
The crystalline lens is located just behind the iris. Its main function is to focus light on the retina. The lens is suspended behind the pupil with the help of zonules.
The vitreous is a transparent gel that fills the eye behind the lens. It is composed mainly of water and comprises about 2/3 of the eye's volume, giving it from and shape.
The optic nerve transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain. When examining the retina through the pupil, a portion of the optic nerve can be seen. It is known as optic disc. There are no cones and rods on this spot.
Myopia is a refractive condition when parallel rays coming from infinity after refraction through the eyes will forms point focus infront of retina when accommodation is at rest.
Squint is a congenital issue where the eye is deviated either temporal or nasal side.
It can be corrected with spectacles or eye exercise.
This is the virus which affects the frontal area, head, nose,waist, etc.
It also effects on eye . With this infection there is high fever.
Fungi enter in the corneal stroma through defect in epithelium.
Then multiple and caused tissue death and an inflammatory reaction.
The epithelium defect mostly results from trauma in the eye with plant materials.
Bacterial keratitis is a sight threatening disease. It progress rapidly and cause corneal perforation within 24- 48 hours due to some bacterial infection.
The most common bacteria which cause infection are streptococcus, pseudomonus, accanthamobia, etc.
Allergic conjunctivitis may cause due to intolerance to substances such as cosmetic, perfume, or drugs.
Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness in the world.
It mostly affects the people in working age group in developing countries of the world.
Ocular trauma can occurs in a wide range of setting like household, roads, industries , sports, etc.
This condition is due to infection of the lid margin with coagualase positively staphylococcus, superimposed on predisposed conditions.
There is superlative inflammation of the ciliary follicles along with the glands of Zies and Moll .
Yellowish crusts are deposited at the roots of eyelashes by which the lashes are glued togather.
On removal of crusts, small ulcer appear around the base of lashes which bleed freely.
It occurs usually in elderly women and is not common in this country. There are yellowish white infiltrates in the cornea, with small superficial ulcers.The cornea soon becomes vascularized.
The eye is very irritable with profuse lacrimation. Recurrences are common. Actual etiology is not known, but may be allergic in nature.
A retinal detachment occurs when the sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium layer separate.
Retinal detachment is considered an ocular emergency that requires immediate medical attention and surgery.
It may occur in patients with high myopia, diabetic retinopathy, premature birth, eye injury, holes in the retina and severe inflammation in the back portion of the eye.
Symptoms may light flashes, wavy vision, veil or curtain obstructing vision, floaters, sudden decrease of vision, etc.
Choroid is the vascular layer of the eye and posterior most part of the uveal tract.
It is spread out from Ora seretta to optic nerve and lying between retina and sclera. The main function of choroid is the blood supply to rods and cones.
It gives neutration to the retina.It also helps to absorb excessive amount of light which is reflected from retina.
In Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) the infection of the cornea , the corneal lesions that look like the veins of a leaf are seen.This is known as dendritic keratitis.
Repeated episodes of dendritic keratitis can cause permanent scarring, and loss of sensation of the cornea.
Recurrent dendritic keratitis is followed by disciform keratitis. It is characterized by central , disc shaped swelling of the cornea and by inflammation of the iris.
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis affects mostly in children and it affects mostly people who are living in the dry and sandy areas.
Symptoms may papillae in the tarsel plates, limbal thicking, trantas spots on limbus, superficial punctate keratits, ropy discharge, etc.
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the internal cavity of the eye ball. Complication of endophthalmitis are intra ocular surgeries like cataract or any penetrating trauma, allergic reaction , and retained intraocular foreign bodies.
It is caused due to infection from bacteria, fungus, parasites, etc.
Diabetic Mellitis is a metabolic disorder in which there is a failure to utilize glucose and caused increased in blood sugar levels.
If it's uncontrolled for long time, it will damage the retina, brain and kidney.
It is caused by alternative food habits. Complications may develop cataract , glaucoma , diabetic retinopathy, etc.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare, bilateral and hereditary disease that causes gradual degeneration of the rods photoreceptor the retina.
Rods are located in the peripheral of the retina and are responsible for peripheral and night vision.
It affects males more than females.
All the optic nerve diseases cause RAPD, visual field defect and color vision deficiency.
During clinical examination of the patient , if there is explained visual loss on, color vision test using Ishihara chart, pupil assessment using swinging flash light test and visual field testing by confrantation should be performed.
Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative condition of the macula.
It affects those who are 50 years or older. ARMD affects central vision only and does not cause total blindness because it does not affect the peripheral vision.
It is classified into wet and dry ARMD . Wet ARMD is more severe and causes drastic reduction in vision within few days.
Dry ARMD is more common and causes gradual decrease in vision.
Inflammation of any part of uveal tract is called uveitis.
The uveal tract of the eye consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Uveitis is most commonly classified as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or diffuse.
Anterior uveitis includes iridocyclitis, intermediate uveitis includes the inflammation of ciliary body and parts plana ( cyclists and pars planitis). Intermediate uveitis is painless and patient complaints of floaters.
Light waves from an object enter the eye through the cornea and pass through anterior chamber and then through the pupil.
Next, the light passes through the crystalline lens. The light waves are bent or converged first by cornea, and then further by crystalline lens.
The light continues through the vitreous humor and forms a clear focus on the retina.
In retina, light rays are changed into electrical signals and then sent through the optic nerve to the brain. The electrical signals are interpreted by the brain as a visual image.
The eyelids protect the eye from environment, injury and light. They also maintain a smooth corneal surface by spreading tears evenly over the eye during blinking.
The edge of the eyelid is called eyelid margin. The eyelashes are located on the anterior edge of the lid margin.Opening of the meibomian gland are present on the posterior margin of the eyelids.
The palpebral fissure is the space between upper and lower eyelid margins when the eyelids are open. The place where the upper and lower eyelids meet together is called canthus. The opening to the tear drainage system are called lacrimal puncta and are located on the eyelid margin near the medial canthus.
The upper eyelid crease is a horizontal line that is present on the upper eyelid.
The retina is a delicate and thin membrane, extending from optic disc behind to the ciliary body in front being situated between the choriod on the outer side and the hyaloid membrane of the vitreous on the inner side. The thickness of the retina is about 0.5mm near the optic disc, 0.mm. at the equator of the eye ball and 0.1mm. most anteriorly.Normally the retina is transparent but immediately after death it becomes white.
It is the secretion from the lacrimal gland. It is slightly alkaline and consists mainly of water and minute quantities of salt, particularly sodium chloride, sugar, urea and protein. It also contains enzyme known as lysozyme, which has definite anti bacterial property. The secretion of tears does not begin before 3-4 weeks after birth.
Pterygium is fibrovascular growth over conjunctiva either nasal or temporal side. It grows over cornea.
It is a fold of conjunctiva, encroaching the cornea,in the horizontal meridian, in the palpebral fissure, either from the nasal or temporal side of the bulbar conjunctiva.
The main cause is degenerative changes in the subconjunctivaltissues.
Out ward turning of lower eyelid away from globe is called ectropion. It is caused due to injury,old age,disease,etc.
The turned eyelid disturb the tear production which cause dryness, red and irritated eyes.
Any insult to lens or clouding of lens is called cataract.Cataract is mostly common in developing countries like Asia ,Africa, etc.
It develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors,double vision, blurry vision, color halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.
There are two types of glucoma:
Open-angle glaucoma.This type of glucoma is mostly common type. Doctor may diagnose it wide-angle glaucoma. The drain structure in our eye which is called the trabecular meshwork -- looks normal, but fluid doesn’t flow out like it should.
Angle-closure glaucoma. This type of glaucoma is less common in Asia. You may also call it acute or chronic angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma. The aqueous humour doesn’t flow right because the angle between iris and cornea is too narrow. This can cause a sudden increase of pressure in eye.
What Is Glaucoma?
It is a condition that causes damage to optic nerve which transmits images to our brain and damage visual field loss. It occurs due to increase of intra ocular pressure which block the trabecular meshwork (aqueous humour out flow).
If the damage continues, glaucoma can lead to permanent sight loss. If treatment delay, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within years.
Most people with glaucoma have no early symptoms or pain. You need to see your eye doctor regularly so she can diagnose and treat glaucoma before long-term visual loss happens.
Over 40 years age and one have a family history of the glucoma should get a complete ocular check up from an eye doctor every 1 to 2 years.
The eyes are complex organs, with many parts like conjunctiva,clear,cornea,lens,etc that must work together to produce clear vision. Here is a basic overview of eye anatomy.
Eye burning can be caused by allergy, dryness, tiredness, vision stress (like computer work) or a combination of the above. Consult your eye doctor if the burning persists, but usually these symptoms are not an emergency.
Quick Tip: Usually, eye burning or stinging can be relieved with lubricating eye drops and rest. Cool, moist compresses over your closed eyes also can help and you will be relieved.
Lazy eye, or amblyopic eye, occurs when one eye doesn’t develop properly. Sight is weaker in that eye, and it tends to move “lazily” around while the other eye stays put. It’s found in infants, children, and adults, and rarely affects both eyes. If in infants and children, treatment needs immediately.
Vision loss can be avoided if a lazy eye is detected and treated in early childhood. Treatment includes full correction of glasses or contact lenses and using a patch or other strategies to make a child use the lazy eye and or removal the cause of stimulus deprivation
Do you have any questions about vision problem? Browse our extensive list of doctor-written and doctor-reviewed articles for reliable, easy-to-understand information.
ood eye health starts with the food on your plate. Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, lutein, zinc, and vitamins C and E might help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. To get them, fill your plate with:
Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and collardsSalmon, tuna, and other oily fishEggs, nuts, beans, and other nonmeat protein sourcesOranges and other citrus fruits or juicesOysters and pork
A well-balanced diet also helps you stay at a healthy weight. That lowers your odds of obesity and related diseases like type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of blindness in adults
Don't take your eyes for granted. Take these easy steps to keep your peepers healthy.
