Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Mellitis  is a metabolic disorder in which there is a failure to utilize glucose and caused increased in blood sugar levels.
If it's uncontrolled for long time, it will damage the retina, brain and kidney.
It is caused by alternative food habits. Complications may develop cataract , glaucoma , diabetic retinopathy, etc.

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare, bilateral and hereditary disease that causes gradual degeneration of the rods photoreceptor the retina.
Rods are located in the peripheral of the retina and are responsible for peripheral and night vision.
It affects males more than females.

Optic Nerve Disorders

All the optic nerve diseases cause RAPD, visual field defect and color vision deficiency.
During clinical examination of the patient , if there is explained visual loss on, color vision test using Ishihara chart, pupil assessment using swinging flash light test and visual field testing by confrantation should be performed.

Macular degeneration

Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative condition of the macula.
It affects those who are 50 years or older. ARMD affects central vision only and does not cause total blindness because it does not affect the peripheral vision.
It is classified into wet and dry ARMD . Wet ARMD is more severe and causes drastic reduction in vision within few days.
Dry ARMD is more common and causes gradual decrease in vision.

Uveitis

Inflammation of any part of uveal tract is called uveitis.
The uveal tract of the eye consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Uveitis is most commonly classified as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or diffuse.
Anterior uveitis includes iridocyclitis, intermediate uveitis includes the inflammation of ciliary body and parts plana ( cyclists and pars planitis). Intermediate uveitis is painless and patient complaints of floaters.

Vision: Processing Information

Light waves from an object enter the eye through the cornea and pass through anterior chamber and then through the pupil.
Next, the light passes through the crystalline lens. The light waves are bent or converged first by cornea, and then further by crystalline lens.
The light continues through the vitreous humor and forms a clear focus on the retina.
In retina, light rays are changed into electrical signals and then sent through the optic nerve to the brain. The electrical signals are interpreted by the brain as a visual image.

Eyelid

The eyelids protect the eye from environment, injury and light. They also maintain a smooth corneal surface by spreading tears evenly over the eye during blinking.
The edge of the eyelid is called eyelid margin. The eyelashes are located on the anterior edge of the lid margin.Opening of the meibomian gland are present on the posterior margin of the eyelids.
The palpebral fissure is the space between upper and lower eyelid margins when the eyelids are open. The place where the upper and lower eyelids meet together is called canthus. The opening to the tear drainage system are called lacrimal puncta and are located on the eyelid margin near the medial canthus.
The upper eyelid crease is a horizontal line that is present on the upper eyelid.

Retina

The retina is a delicate and thin membrane, extending from optic disc behind to the ciliary body in front being situated between the  choriod on the outer side and the hyaloid membrane of the vitreous  on the inner side. The thickness of the retina is about 0.5mm near the optic disc, 0.mm. at the equator of the eye ball and 0.1mm. most anteriorly.Normally the retina is transparent but immediately after death it becomes white.

Tears

It is the secretion from the lacrimal gland. It is slightly alkaline and consists mainly of water and minute quantities of salt, particularly sodium chloride, sugar, urea and protein. It also contains enzyme known as  lysozyme, which has definite anti bacterial  property. The secretion of tears does not begin before 3-4 weeks after birth.

Pterygium

Pterygium is fibrovascular growth over conjunctiva either nasal or temporal side. It grows over cornea.
It is a fold of conjunctiva, encroaching the cornea,in the horizontal meridian, in the palpebral fissure, either from the nasal or temporal side of the bulbar conjunctiva.
The main cause is degenerative changes in the subconjunctivaltissues.

Lower eyelid that rolls outwards (ectropion

Out ward turning of lower eyelid away from globe is called ectropion. It is caused due to injury,old age,disease,etc.

The turned eyelid disturb the tear production which cause dryness, red and irritated eyes.

Cataract

Any insult to lens or clouding of lens is called cataract.Cataract is mostly common in developing countries like Asia ,Africa, etc.
It develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors,double vision, blurry vision, color halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.

What Are the Types of Glaucoma?

There are two types of glucoma:

Open-angle glaucoma.This type of glucoma is mostly common type. Doctor may diagnose it wide-angle glaucoma. The drain structure in our eye which is called the trabecular meshwork -- looks normal, but fluid doesn’t flow out like it should.

Angle-closure glaucoma. This type of glaucoma is less common in Asia. You may also call it acute or chronic angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma. The aqueous humour doesn’t flow right because the angle between iris and cornea is too narrow. This can cause a sudden increase of pressure in eye.

What Is Glaucoma?

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Eye Health 

What Is Glaucoma?

It is a condition that causes damage to optic nerve which transmits images to our brain and damage visual field loss. It occurs due to increase of intra ocular pressure which block the trabecular meshwork (aqueous humour out flow).
If the damage continues, glaucoma can lead to permanent sight loss. If treatment delay, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within years.

Most people with glaucoma have no early symptoms or pain. You need to see your eye doctor regularly so she can diagnose and treat glaucoma before long-term visual loss happens.

Over 40 years age and one have a family history of the glucoma should get a complete ocular check up from an eye doctor every 1 to 2 years.

What's Causing This Eye Condition?

The eyes are complex organs, with many parts like conjunctiva,clear,cornea,lens,etc that must work together to produce clear vision. Here is a basic overview of eye anatomy.

Burning Eyes

Eye burning can be caused by allergy, dryness, tiredness, vision stress (like computer work) or a combination of the above. Consult your eye doctor if the burning persists, but usually these symptoms are not  an emergency.

Quick Tip: Usually, eye burning or stinging can be relieved with lubricating eye drops and rest. Cool, moist compresses over your closed eyes also can help and you will be relieved.

. Quit Smoking

Smoking makes more risk to get cataracts, damage to your optic nerve, and macular degeneration. If you've tried to leave the habit before only to start again, keep at it. The more times you try to quit, the more likely you are to succeed. Ask your doctor for help.^

Lazy Eye

Lazy eye, or amblyopic eye, occurs when one eye doesn’t develop properly. Sight is weaker in that eye, and it tends to move “lazily” around while the other eye stays put. It’s found in infants, children, and adults, and rarely affects both eyes. If in infants and children, treatment needs immediately.

Vision loss can be avoided if a lazy eye is detected and treated in early childhood. Treatment includes full correction of glasses or contact lenses and using a patch or other strategies to make a child use the lazy eye and or removal the cause of stimulus deprivation

Eye Problems and Diseases

Do you have any questions about vision problem? Browse our extensive list of doctor-written and doctor-reviewed articles for reliable, easy-to-understand information.

Quit Smoking

It makes you more likely to get cataracts, damage to your optic nerve, and macular degeneration. If you've tried to kick the habit before only to start again, keep at it. The more times you try to quit, the more likely you are to succeed. Ask your doctor for help.

EAT WELL

ood eye health starts with the food on your plate. Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, lutein, zinc, and vitamins C and E might help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. To get them, fill your plate with:

Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and collardsSalmon, tuna, and other oily fishEggs, nuts, beans, and other nonmeat protein sourcesOranges and other citrus fruits or juicesOysters and pork

A well-balanced diet also helps you stay at a healthy weight. That lowers your odds of obesity and related diseases like type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of blindness in adults

How to Keep Your Eye Healthy

Don't take your eyes for granted. Take these easy steps to keep your peepers healthy.